Senior Pet Nutrition

INTRODUCTION

As our beloved furry companions age, their needs change, and so should their nutrition. Our senior pets have become cherished members of our families, and we want to ensure they enjoy their golden years to the fullest. In this blog, we'll explore the unique dietary requirements of senior dogs and cats, discussing how nutritional adjustments can help manage age-related changes, boost energy levels, and contribute to a higher quality of life. We'll also touch on the importance of screenings to catch and address any health issues early on, ensuring our senior pets remain happy, comfortable, and by our sides for as long as possible.

How Old is Old?

Just like us, our pets age uniquely based on genetics and lifestyle. Pets are generally considered mature when they reach three-quarters of their expected lifespan. This is when we need to start implementing changes so that their geriatric years are not spent being frail and with a poor quality of life. 

Summary of Mature Nutrition for Pets

As pets age, their nutritional needs change, much like humans at different life stages. Proper nutrition for senior dogs and cats is crucial to maintain their health and quality of life. Here's a summary of key nutritional considerations for mature pets:

1. Water: Dehydration in senior pets is common as they age and lose the ability to concentrate their urine. Even if they appear to be drinking water, this may be a sign that they are already dehydrated. Cats especially have a naturally low thirst drive, and this is especially problematic for senior cats that eat dry food. 

2. Protein: Adult dogs actually need a lot more protein—about 1.5 to 3 times the usual recommendations—to stay healthy. If we lower the protein levels of older dogs, they can lose muscle even faster, which is already a problem as they age. Plus, older dogs often eat less food, so their meals should have a higher protein content to keep them nourished.

3. Carbohydrates and Fiber: Fiber plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of senior dogs and cats. As pets age, their digestive systems can become less efficient, making adequate fiber intake essential for promoting healthy gut function. Fiber helps ensure regular bowel movements, which is particularly important for older cats prone to constipation. It also aids in the absorption of nutrients by supporting the gut microbiome, which influences not just digestion but also immune health and metabolism. There are two main types of fiber: soluble, which dissolves in water, and insoluble, which adds bulk to the diet and helps food pass smoothly through the digestive tract. Including a pumpkin, which has both soluble and insoluble fiber, in a senior pets' diet can improve their digestive health. Fiber promotes intestinal motility and also helps a pet feel full which is helpful for pets that need to lose weight.

4. Fats: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays a critical role in neural function, brain development, and vision. Both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids contribute to skin and coat health, energy levels, appetite, immune system function, healing, reducing the risk of infections and cognitive issues. Specific fat level recommendations for senior pets are not currently available.  For a more anti-inflammatory diet, aim to avoid ultraprocessed foods that generally have a high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio. Algae oil is a concentrated form of DHA and you need a smaller volume to add to the food. This makes it a nice choice for pets with dementia.

5. Minerals: Maintaining the right mineral levels is essential, especially for phosphorus, calcium, and sodium. As dogs age, their phosphorus needs decrease, and too much sodium is not helpful for pets with heart disease or hypertension.

6. Vitamins and Antioxidants: Research is increasingly focusing on which specific vitamins and nutrients can promote healthy dog aging. Notably, boosting B vitamins and increasing vitamin E intake is essential for protecting cells from damage due to oxidative stress. Additionally, incorporating other antioxidants can help support cognitive function and bolster the immune system. There's also growing attention on vitamin D, as low levels have been linked to various health issues, including cancer. Therefore, considering a vitamin D supplement for older pets might be beneficial, although it's advisable to test for deficiencies first.

Senior Pet Food Labels

There are currently no AAFCO regulations for senior dogs and cats. Currently they would fit into the adult maintenance category which may provide too many calories for the average sedentary pet. 

Considerations for Feeding Senior Cats and Dogs

Food Tastes Different 

As dogs and cats age, their senses dull, including their sense of taste. It’s important that their food tastes good to them. They generally prefer wet food to dry food. Adding water to dry food is not a solution for cats as they generally do not like this. Because protein requirements actually increase in seniors, and cats especially respond to protein and not carbohydrates and sugars.

Transitions can be challenging

Making changes can be more challenging when pets have a medical condition. That is why it’s important to be proactive about their diet. You can read more here a about transitions.

Texture and Taste 

Some pets are very particular about the texture of their food. Some prefer gravies (often chemically laden), shredded foods, and all sorts of shapes and sizes. These foods are usually ultraprocessed so it’s best that no kibble ever crosses a cat’s lips. Dogs are facultative carnivores so they can adjust to eating kibble, but a combination or complete transition over to minimally processed is always healthier, just as it is with us.

Seniors with dental issues may have difficulty chewing on hard kibble.

Common Medical Concerns in Mature Pets

Arthritis

The incidence of arthritis in dogs and cats is incredibly high as the rate of obesity for both dogs and cats is alarmingly around 60%! Obesity multiplies the incidence of arthritis through wear and tear on the joints. It also decreases lifespan by a striking 2 years! Another factor to consider is inflammation. Heavily processed diets are inflammatory. By switching to a minimally processed diet, with a good ratio of Omega-3 fatty acids can help decrease inflammation that contributes to arthritis. Antioxidants also mop up inflammation and can contribute to healthier joints.

Dental Disease

Pets may avoid chewing food due to dental disease and gingivitis/periodontitis.

Cancer

Tumors steal amino acids for energy and cause muscle loss, they like carbohydrates over fat and protein

Renal Failure

Dietary modification is crucial for managing renal disease in dogs and cats, as it helps alleviate stress on the kidneys and supports overall health. Key dietary adjustments include reducing phosphorus (P) levels, incorporating omega-3 fatty acids to combat inflammation, and increasing B vitamins and vitamin K to aid in metabolic processes. Additionally, a higher fiber content can enhance digestive health and nutrient absorption. These modifications collectively help improve the quality of life and slow the progression of renal disease in affected pets.

Hypertension

Low salt diets are important for pets with heart disease and hypertension.

Gut Motility

Fiber balance is important for regularity. Too much insoluble fiber can cause constipation. Not enough soluble fiber can also affect it. That is why pumpkin is a healthy addition to help with digestion and motility as it has a combination of both soluble and insoluble fiber. 

Dementia

Dementia in pets, particularly in senior dogs and cats, is an increasingly recognized condition that can significantly affect their quality of life. Addressing nutrition is a vital aspect of managing this cognitive decline. Just as in humans, certain nutrients can play a crucial role in promoting brain health and potentially mitigating the symptoms of dementia in pets. Key components of a diet that can support cognitive function include Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and antioxidants.

Omega-3 fatty acids, especially DHA, have been shown to have neuroprotective properties. They are essential for maintaining the structure and function of brain cells, supporting overall cognitive health. Research suggests that diets rich in Omega-3s can reduce inflammation and promote better communication between neurons, which may help alleviate some of the cognitive deficits associated with dementia. Including sources of Omega-3s, such as fish oil or algae-based supplements, can be beneficial in a senior pet's diet.

Antioxidants also play a crucial role in combating oxidative stress, which is linked to aging and cognitive decline. Free radicals can damage cells, including those in the brain, leading to exacerbated symptoms of dementia. Nutrients like vitamins E and C, as well as polyphenols found in certain fruits and vegetables, can help neutralize these free radicals, potentially slowing the progression of cognitive dysfunction. A diet rich in these antioxidants not only supports brain health but also contributes to overall well-being.

It's essential for pet owners to address nutrition in their senior pets, as obesity has been identified as a significant risk factor for developing dementia. Excess weight can lead to inflammation and metabolic changes that negatively impact brain health. Maintaining a healthy weight through proper nutrition and portion control can reduce the risk of cognitive decline, allowing pets to enjoy a better quality of life as they age. By focusing on a balanced diet rich in Omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, pet owners can take proactive steps to support their senior pets’ cognitive functions and overall health.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, as our pets transition into their senior years, adapting their nutrition becomes imperative for maintaining their health and happiness. Understanding the specific dietary needs of senior dogs and cats—ranging from increased protein levels and healthy fats to the importance of hydration and fiber—can significantly enhance their quality of life.

By prioritizing high-quality, minimally processed foods and staying vigilant about common health issues, we can ensure our cherished companions remain vibrant and active. Regular veterinary check-ups and screenings and tailored nutrition plans are essential in addressing their unique requirements. Ultimately, with the right care and attention, we can help our furry friends enjoy their golden years to the fullest, providing them with the comfort, vitality, and love they deserve.